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Novellae Constitutiones
The ''Novellae Constitutiones'' ("new constitutions"; (ラテン語:Novellæ constitutiones), (ギリシア語:Νεαραί διατάξεις)), or ''Justinian's Novels'', are now considered one of the four major units of Roman law initiated by Roman Emperor Justinian I in the course of his long reign (AD 527–565). The other three pieces are: the ''Codex Justinianus'', the ''Digest'', and the ''Institutes''. Justinian's quaestor Tribonian was primarily responsible for compiling these last three. Together, the four parts are known as the ''Corpus Juris Civilis''. Whereas the Code, Digest, and Institutes were designed by Justinian as coherent works, the Novels are diverse laws enacted after 534 (when he promulgated the second edition of the Code) that never were officially compiled during his reign.〔See generally, A. Arthur Schiller, ''Roman Law: Mechanisms of Development'', §§ 12-16 at 29-40 (1978) and Tony Honoré, "Justinian's Codification" in ''The Oxford Classical Dictionary'' 803 (Simon Hornblower and Antony Spawforth eds. 3rd rev. ed 2003). For a detailed history of the Novels, see Timothy Kearley, "The Creation and Transmission of Justinian's Novels," available at ().〕 (According to ''Black's Law Dictionary'', a translated, unabridged collection of Justinian's Greek Novels is known as ''Liber Authenticorum''.)
== History ==
Justinian’s first Code, issued in 529, compiled and harmonized the imperial enactments (''constitutiones'', or constitutions) of previous emperors.〔See ''Constitutio haec quae necessario'', or “Concerning the Establishment of a New Code” (Feb. 13, 528), translated by Justice Fred Blume in the “Annotated Justinian Code,” available at () and ''Constitutio summa rei publicae'', or “Concerning the Confirmation of the Code of Justinian,” id. at page 2.〕 After the Code was promulgated, only it, and not the prior imperial legislation, could be cited as law. However, in 530 and 531, Justinian issued the ''quinquaginta decisiones'' (fifty decisions) that resolved differences among the writings of classical jurists, and he continued to issue other new laws as well.〔See Tony Honoré, ''Tribonian'' 124-222 (1978).〕 This meant the Code could no longer be the sole, unified source of imperial legislation. Hence, in 534 Justinian issued the ''Constitutio cordi nobis'',〔“Concerning the Correction of the Justinian Code, and the Second Edition Thereof” (November 16, 534), translated by Justice Fred Blume in the “Annotated Justinian Code,” () at page 4.〕 creating a second edition of the Code (''Codex repetitae praelectionis''). This edition integrated his new legislation into the imperial enactments in the first edition and superseded it.
Justinian continued to legislate after he created the second edition of the Code. Thus, in his pragmatic sanction of 554 (''Sanctio pragmatica pro petitione Vigilii''),〔"That the Laws of the Emperor Shall be Extended into his Provinces” (August 13, 554), available at ().〕 he foresaw that he would need to maintain a collection of these new constitutions modifying the Code (''novellae constitutiones, quae post nostri codicis confectionem''). This he did in the form of an archive called the ''Liber legum'' or ''Libri legum''.〔See Pierre Noailles, 1 ''Les Collections de Novelles de l’Empereur Justinian'' 31-58 (1912) available at ().〕
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